JM—Article 91 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) states: “Every State shall fix the conditions for the grant of its nationality to ships, for the registration of ships in its territory, and for the right to fly its flag.” .
International law gives Russia the unrestricted, sovereign right to determine its own criteria for what makes a ship “Russian”. If Russia passes domestic laws allowing older, masked-ownership tankers to register, those ships are legally and formally Russian under the strict letter of UNCLOS. The Graham Act is a provocation and Russia may choose to treat attacks on its newly flagged fleet as acts of war and retaliate.
On the other hand, new sanctions may actually help Russia, as previous sanctions packages did. (Making Russia more autarkic).
