It starts from the excellent premise that India is in ecological overshoot while also being one of the nations that will be most affected by climate change. Also, that the Indian oligarchy and courtier class are the very same group that ruled India as vassals of the British Empire and are still of the type of extractive and rentier orientation that they were when they served their British masters. These are all excellent points but the author stumbles on a simplistic materialist causality, saying that “geopolitics is just the shadow cast by geology”. Then on thinking that the Indian oligarchy are so dominated by the West that they do not operate independently. If there is one thing that India has demonstrated over the post-independence years is that it DOES operate independently. That independence includes a close relationship with a Russia/Soviet Union that provided both diplomatic and naval support during the 1971 East Pakistan War; forestalling an intervention by the US. Over 60% of Indian military hardware is provided by Russia, and India has refused US attempts to have it move to a US-MIC centric military. Again and again the US has tried to bring India within its anti-China and anti-Russia alliances and India has skillfully managed to stay on the fence, acting as an independent player.

It is in this context that India decided to purchase discounted Russian oil after the start of the Russo-Ukraine proxy war, from both profit-seeking and long-term relationship bases. Yet another error made is to view India’s recent agreement with the US, with many details somewhat vague and subject to lengthy negotiations and ratification, as anything more than India’s usual deft diplomatic slipperiness. The US gambit on Venezuelan oil has been greatly over-estimated by many commentators. The reality is that much of Venezuela’s oil industry has been destroyed by years of low maintenance and sabotage, and there is little enthusiasm by the fossil fuel corporations to spend the arduous and costly years fixing the oil producing infrastructure in the face of what may be a very hostile population; as Trump himself found at his Whitehouse meeting with oil executives. Venezuela is currently capable of producing up to one million barrels per day of oil, with any increase requiring years and years of expensive investment. India understands this and has committed at best to slowly move away from Russian oil imports as Venezuelan oil becomes available. Part of its strategy is also a waiting game to see if the US Supreme Court rules against Trump’s across-the-board tariffs. If it does, then we can expect many countries such as India to perform a very rapid volte face with resect to any recent trade agreements with the US. China has already stopped buying Venezuelan oil as it is now being sold at market prices rather than at a big discount.

The Indian oligarchy, now using Hindu nationalism as its tool of social domination while it extracts more and more riches from a still very poor population (at PPP GDP per capita of about US$13,000 with extreme inequalities in wealth and income), is not a vassal of any other country. It is an utterly selfish and extractive one, working for its own short-sighted interests. As Newbury notes, the upcoming electoral changes will reflect higher population growth in the north and lead to a transfer of seats into the Hindu heartland; benefitting the BJP. This will enhance the power of the Hindutva political movement behind which the oligarchs can continue with their exploitation of the Indian population and of the country’s other resources.

It is the actions of this oligarchy over decades that has limited the industrial development of the country, with its manufacturing base lagging far behind nations such as China, Vietnam and even Bangladesh. It has practised the mixture of high import tariffs and other import restrictive actions combined with a monopolistic, corrupt, and rent seeking oligarchy. What exactly is in the India-US trade deal?

• US tariffs on Indian goods fall from 50% to 18% (there had already been exclusions for such things as pharmaceutical inputs) immediately.

• India will reduce tariffs on select US imports from March onwards, notice the vagueness of this. These reductions will have to go through a formal time-consuming process to be implemented.

• It is understood that an agreement will likely be signed by mid-March, after which the process of authorizing the reduction on tariffs on US goods can begin.

• India has clarified that it will not be investing in the US, contrary to the Trump “US$500 billion” statement. India has agreed to buy US$500 billion in US goods over five years, in 2025 India imported US$720 billion of US goods so this is not that much of a stretch. It is also over a long timeframe which goes beyond the US mid-terms and the next presidential election.

• India is also considering a large purchase of Boeing aircraft and parts etc., but this could easily be stretched out over many years, and changes in US administrations.

• India has ABSOLUTELY NOT agreed to lower tariffs on US goods to zero, nor agreed to stop purchasing Russian oil.

India has expertly given Trump the “victory” that he needed to back out of the ridiculously high tariffs on India that were having the effect of driving India closer to China and Russia. It has also placed large amounts of delays and the ability to drag its feet while the US Supreme Court rules, then the mid-terms take place, then the next presidential election. This is a classic Indian approach, providing Trump with a “victory” to hide TACO while also gaining time to wait for the Supreme Court ruling and a possible change in the balance of political power within the US.

India is the world’s largest extractor of groundwater, and that water is rapidly diminishing due to a rate of use far above the natural replenishment rate; 60% of India’s agriculture depends upon groundwater. Its use is highly concentrated within the bread basket states of Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan in the north east. Ground water use if concentrated among India’s masses of smaller farmers, with half a billion of the population dependent upon groundwater. From this article:

In 2000, water could be found at 30–35 meters (about 110 feet) in much of Punjab; now it’s down to 140 meters (450+ feet). If this trajectory continues, projections suggest groundwater may drop to 300+ meters by 2039, rendering large swathes of Punjab barren. The story is similar in Rajasthan and Haryana, and in parts of southern India where tube wells have to chase the water table ever deeper each year … Farmers are forced to cut back on watering or planting as water tables fall. Research in Science warns that, at current depletion rates, India’s farmers may lose the ability to plant nearly one-fifth of their crops nationwide

The article also notes the impact of climate change:

The crisis is compounded by climate change, which acts as a threat multiplier. Rainfall patterns are becoming erratic, monsoons shorter and drier in many regions, pushing farmers to irrigate more from wells when rains fail. A recent study noted that monsoon rains in north India have declined ~8.5% since the 1950s, while winters have warmed significantly – meaning crops need more water even as less rain arrives.

Less precipitation and higher temperatures will only increase the rate of groundwater extraction.

It’s a vicious cycle: drier monsoons and hotter temperatures drive more groundwater use, lowering water tables and worsening drought impacts. The warming climate is baking our soil dry, demanding more irrigation to maintain yields.

Poor social governance has exacerbated the miserable living conditions most Indians have to face every day.

The response of the government has been quite limited, while also keeping other policies that support groundwater extraction in place; such as the free electricity provided to farmers to extract groundwater and the subsidization of water-guzzling crops. There are many things that could be done to reduce the level of groundwater extraction, such as drip irrigation and a move toward less water-intensive crops. India is also launching a vast engineering project, the US$168 billion National River Linking Project to transfer about 200 billion cubic metres of water per year (China’s South to North Water Diversion project will only transfer 30 bcm/yr) to the arid areas, as well as feeding many hydro-electric dams.

Since time immemorial Indian farmers have fought droughts and other climate extremes.

Such a project is a profit dream to the Indian oligarchy, which has already mightily profited from previous state-financed infrastructure projects. Very large amounts of corruption, cost escalation and delays can be expected, as already seems to be the case; “Beset by delays, construction of the first 221-kilometer link—the Ken-Betwa connection—is expected to take at least six years”. The whole project is also based in the ecological realities and science of the 1980s, and may have many unintended consequences while not meeting its goals. For example:

Scientists and water policy experts, however, have doubts about the scheme’s scientific footing. They worry that the government hasn’t adequately accounted for the potential unintended consequences of moving such a large amount of water. Case in point, new research suggests the river interlinking project threatens to affect India’s seasonal monsoon … the project could actually exacerbate water stress by causing the amount of rain falling in some dry regions to drop by up to 12 percent while increasing rainfall elsewhere.

The “initial assumption,” says Chauhan, “is that river basins are independent systems and output from one … can be used to feed the other.” But they exist as parts of a hydrological system. “Changes in one can lead to changes in another,” he adds. To further complicate the project’s value, research shows that rainfall is decreasing over Indian river basins currently thought to contain a surplus of water.

The oligarchy is forcing this through with as little oversight as possible:

Thakkar is deeply concerned about the river-linking project—most notably its lack of transparency. Thakkar was part of a Supreme Court–appointed committee on river linking but says he was not allowed to review the hydrological data behind the plan’s logic of defining certain watersheds as surplus basins and others as sites with water deficits.

“[That data] is a state secret,” says Thakkar. “It has not been peer-reviewed in any credible way,” he adds. “We need to take democratic and informed decisions—that’s not happening.”

What India will most probably experience is a slow moving disaster, with the Indian oligarchy focused on “solutions” which provide for the greatest level of profiteering.  While China next door, with its Party-state focused on the national good rather than profiteering is carrying out a myriad of policies and projects to mitigate the effects of climate change and to reduce the extraction of groundwater. Such is the case with India and China in so many areas. Geopolitics is not just geology, it is also geography and the nature of the state/society complex.

The Indian elites are not “betting on Dubai, London, and Singapore” as Newbury states, but rather continuing their extractive control of their own country. As China becomes even more of a dominant economic presence, fully integrated with ASEAN, Russia and Central Asia, the Indian oligarchy will pivot more toward it as a matter of necessity; and its military will continue to be armed by Russia. It has also signed a huge free trade deal with Europe, and there are moves for an FTA with the ASEAN nations (or perhaps an Indian entry into the RCEP). India is operating as an independent nation, balancing between competing powers and changing that balancing over time to reflect geopolitical realities.